Around 120 years ago, Ebbinghaus began his study of memory. He【C1】____________ studying how quickly the human mind can remember information. One result of his research is known as the total time hypothesis (假设), which simply means the amount you learn【C2】____________ the time you spend trying to learn it. This can be taken as our first rule of learning. Although it is usually true that studying for four hours is better than studying for one, there is still the question of how we should use the four hours. For example, is it better to study for four hours【C3】____________ or to study for one hour a day for four days in a【C4】? The answer, as you may have【C5】, is that it is better to spread out the study times. This【C6】, through which we can learn more efficiently by dividing our practice time, is known as the distribution of practice effect. Thus, our second rule of learning is this: It's better to study fairly【C7】___ but often. But we're not finished yet. We haven't considered how we should study over very short periods of time. Let's say you are trying to learn some new and rather difficult English vocabulary using a【C8】____________ of cards. Should you look at the same word in【C9】____________ succession, or look at the word and then have some delay before you look at it again? The answer is it is better to【C10】____________ the presentations of the word you are to learn.

You probably have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways, depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general levels of【C1】: a formal level and an informal level. English is no【C2】. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a【C3】, level. Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks,【C4】_________ books, and in business letters. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues, family members and friends, and when we write【C5】notes or letters to close friends. Formal language【C6】 informal language in several ways. First, formal language tends to be more polite. What we may find interesting is that it 【C7】takes more words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or family member, "Close the door, please," but to a stranger, I probably would say, "Would you mind closing the door?" Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There【C8】 be some words and phrases that【C9】_______ in formal language and others that are informal. Let's say that I really like soccer. If I'm talking to my friend I might say "I'm just【C10】____________ soccer! " But if I were talking to my boss, I would probably say "I really enjoy soccer."

Students' pressure sometimes comes from their parents. Most parents are【C1】, but some of them aren't very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in【C2】 college, and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their children's difficulties. For one thing, parents are often not【C3】____________ the kinds of problems their children face. They don't realize that the【C4】____________ is keener, that the required standards of work are higher, and that their children may not be prepared for the change.【C5】____________ to seeing A's and B's on high school report cards, they may be upset when their children's first semester college grades are below that level. At their kindest, they may【C6】____________ inquire why John or Mary isn't doing better, whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should, and so on. At their worst, they may【C7】____________ to take their children out of college, or【C8】____________ funds. Sometimes parents regard their children as extensions of themselves and think it only right and natural that they determine what their children do with their lives. In their involvement and【C9】____________ with their children, they forget that everyone is different and that each person must develop in his or her own way. They forget that their children, who are now young【C10】_______________, must be the ones responsible for what they do and what they are.